Stage lighting is the ability of lighting as it applies to the assembly of theatre, dance, opera and added achievement arts.1 Several altered types of date lighting instruments are acclimated in this discipline.2 In accession to basal lighting, avant-garde date lighting can additionally accommodate appropriate effects, such as lasers and fog machines. People who assignment on date lighting are frequently referred to as lighting technicians.
Saturday 10 March 2012
Functions of lighting
Stage lighting has assorted functions, including:
Selective Visibility: The simple adeptness to see what is occurring on stage. Any lighting architecture will be abortive if the admirers cannot see the characters, unless this is the absolute intent.
Revelation of form: Altering the acumen of shapes onstage, decidedly three-dimensional date elements.
Focus: Directing the audience's absorption to an breadth of the date or confusing them from another.
Mood: Setting the accent of a scene. Harsh red ablaze has a absolutely altered aftereffect from bendable lavender light.
Location and time of day: Establishing or altering position in time and space. Blues can beforehand night time while orange and red can beforehand a aurora or sunset. Use of automated filters ("gobos") to activity sky scenes, the moon, etc.
Projection/stage elements: Lighting may be acclimated to activity backdrop or to act as backdrop onstage.
Plot(script): A lighting accident may activate or beforehand the activity onstage.
Composition: Lighting may be acclimated to appearance alone the areas of the date which the artist wants the admirers to see, and to "paint a picture".34
While Lighting Architecture is an art form, and appropriately no one way is the alone way, there is a avant-garde movement that artlessly states that the Lighting Architecture helps to actualize the ambiance in which the activity booty abode while acknowledging the appearance of the piece. "Mood" is arguable while the ambiance is essential.5
Selective Visibility: The simple adeptness to see what is occurring on stage. Any lighting architecture will be abortive if the admirers cannot see the characters, unless this is the absolute intent.
Revelation of form: Altering the acumen of shapes onstage, decidedly three-dimensional date elements.
Focus: Directing the audience's absorption to an breadth of the date or confusing them from another.
Mood: Setting the accent of a scene. Harsh red ablaze has a absolutely altered aftereffect from bendable lavender light.
Location and time of day: Establishing or altering position in time and space. Blues can beforehand night time while orange and red can beforehand a aurora or sunset. Use of automated filters ("gobos") to activity sky scenes, the moon, etc.
Projection/stage elements: Lighting may be acclimated to activity backdrop or to act as backdrop onstage.
Plot(script): A lighting accident may activate or beforehand the activity onstage.
Composition: Lighting may be acclimated to appearance alone the areas of the date which the artist wants the admirers to see, and to "paint a picture".34
While Lighting Architecture is an art form, and appropriately no one way is the alone way, there is a avant-garde movement that artlessly states that the Lighting Architecture helps to actualize the ambiance in which the activity booty abode while acknowledging the appearance of the piece. "Mood" is arguable while the ambiance is essential.5
Direction
Direction refers to the shape, affection and antithesis of a lamp's output. The arrangement of ablaze an apparatus makes is abundantly bent by three factors. The aboriginal are the specifics of the lamp, reflector and lens assembly. Altered ascent positions for the lamp (axial, abject up, abject down), altered sizes and shapes of reflector and the attributes of the lens (or lenses) actuality acclimated can all affect the arrangement of light. Secondly, the specifics of how the lamp is focused affect its pattern. In egg-shaped reflector spotlights (ERS) or contour spotlights, there are two beams of ablaze emitted from the lamp. When the cones of both bisect at the bandy ambit (the ambit to the stage), the lamp has a acutely authentic 'hard' edge. When the two cones do not bisect at that distance, the bend is down-covered and 'soft'. Depending on which axle (direct or reflected) is alfresco the other, the arrangement may be 'thin and soft' or 'fat and soft.' Lastly, a gobo or breach up arrangement may be activated to ERSs and agnate instruments. This is about a attenuate area of metal with a appearance cut into it. It is amid into the apparatus abreast its aperture. Gobos, or templates, appear in abounding shapes, but generally accommodate leaves, waves, stars and agnate patterns.8
The lighting designer
Lighting is acclimated to affect the audience's senses and arm-twist their emotions. The lighting artist is acclimatized with the assorted types of lighting instruments and their uses. In appointment with the administrator and the breathtaking designer, and afterwards watching acceptable rehearsals, the LD is amenable for accouterment an Instrument Schedule and a Ablaze Plot. The Schedule is a account of all appropriate materials, including blush gel, gobos, blush wheels, barndoors and added accessories. The ablaze artifice is about a plan appearance of the theatre in which the achievement will booty place, with every luminaire marked. This about includes almost focus (the administration it should be pointing), a advertence number, any accessories required, and the specifics (or approach number) of its affiliation to the dimmer arrangement or lighting ascendancy console.13
A lighting artist charge be acclimatized to alive about the demands of the administrator or arch planner. Practical acquaintance is appropriate to apperceive the able use of altered lighting instruments and colour in creating a design. Abounding designers alpha their careers as lighting technicians in theatres or abecedarian theatre groups. Often, this is followed by training in one of the abounding abstruse colleges or universities about the apple that action theatre courses. Abounding jobs in beyond venues and productions crave a amount from a abstruse academy or academy in affected lighting, or at atomic a bachelor’s degree.
A lighting artist charge be acclimatized to alive about the demands of the administrator or arch planner. Practical acquaintance is appropriate to apperceive the able use of altered lighting instruments and colour in creating a design. Abounding designers alpha their careers as lighting technicians in theatres or abecedarian theatre groups. Often, this is followed by training in one of the abounding abstruse colleges or universities about the apple that action theatre courses. Abounding jobs in beyond venues and productions crave a amount from a abstruse academy or academy in affected lighting, or at atomic a bachelor’s degree.
Other positions
In theater:
Master electrician/chief electrician
Production electrician
Lighting programmer
Lighting operator/light lath operator
In film:
Best boy (electrical)
Gaffer
In music:
Rigger
Master electrician/chief electrician
Production electrician
Lighting programmer
Lighting operator/light lath operator
In film:
Best boy (electrical)
Gaffer
In music:
Rigger
Lighting controls
Lighting ascendancy accoutrement ability best be declared as annihilation that changes the affection of the light. Historically this has been done by the use of acuteness control. Technological advancements accept fabricated acuteness ascendancy almost simple - solid accompaniment dimmers are controlled by one or added lighting controllers. Controllers are frequently lighting consoles advised for adult ascendancy over actual ample numbers of dimmers or luminaires, but may be simpler accessories which comedy aback stored sequences of lighting states with basal user interfaces. Consoles are additionally referred to as lighting desks or light-boards.18
For beyond shows or installations, assorted consoles are generally acclimated calm and in some cases lighting controllers are accumulated or accommodating with controllers for sound, automatic scenery, pyrotechnics and added furnishings to accommodate absolute automation of the absolute show. See appearance control.
The lighting ambassador is affiliated to the dimmers (or anon to automatic luminaires) application a ascendancy cable or wireless articulation (e.g. DMX512) or network, acceptance the dimmers which are bulky, hot and sometimes noisy, to be positioned abroad from the date and admirers and acceptance automatic luminaires to be positioned wherever necessary. In accession to DMX512, newer ascendancy access accommodate RDM (remote accessory management) which adds administration and cachet acknowledgment capabilities to accessories which use it while advancement affinity with DMX512; and Architecture for Ascendancy Networks (ACN) which is a absolutely featured assorted ambassador networking protocol. These acquiesce the achievability of acknowledgment of position, accompaniment or accountability altitude from units, whilst acceptance abundant added abundant ascendancy of them.19
For beyond shows or installations, assorted consoles are generally acclimated calm and in some cases lighting controllers are accumulated or accommodating with controllers for sound, automatic scenery, pyrotechnics and added furnishings to accommodate absolute automation of the absolute show. See appearance control.
The lighting ambassador is affiliated to the dimmers (or anon to automatic luminaires) application a ascendancy cable or wireless articulation (e.g. DMX512) or network, acceptance the dimmers which are bulky, hot and sometimes noisy, to be positioned abroad from the date and admirers and acceptance automatic luminaires to be positioned wherever necessary. In accession to DMX512, newer ascendancy access accommodate RDM (remote accessory management) which adds administration and cachet acknowledgment capabilities to accessories which use it while advancement affinity with DMX512; and Architecture for Ascendancy Networks (ACN) which is a absolutely featured assorted ambassador networking protocol. These acquiesce the achievability of acknowledgment of position, accompaniment or accountability altitude from units, whilst acceptance abundant added abundant ascendancy of them.19
Dimming
A dimmer is a accessory acclimated to alter the electrical adeptness delivered to the instrument’s lamp. As adeptness to the lamp decreases, the ablaze fades or dims. It is important to agenda that some blush change additionally occurs as a lamp is dimmed, acceptance for a bound bulk of blush ascendancy through the dimmer. Fades can be either UP or DOWN, that is accretion or abbreviating the intensity. Today, best dimmers are solid state, although abounding automatic dimmers still exist.20
Dimmers are generally begin in ample racks that draw ample amounts of three-phase electrical power. The dimmers themselves are generally disposable modules that ambit from a 20-ampere, 2.4-kilowatt assemblage to a 50-ampere or alike a 100-ampere unit. They can generally be replaced by a affiliated adeptness bore (CPM) which is basically a 20- or 50-ampere breaker in a concealment bore casing. Affiliated adeptness modules are acclimated to accumulation non-dimming accepted to added electrical accessories (like smoke machines, alternation winches, or breathtaking motors). Back a affiliated adeptness bore is installed, the agnate ambit is activated as continued as the concealment backpack is on, absolute of the lighting console. Failure to use a affiliated adeptness bore on a non-dimming accessory can aftereffect in the accident of the device, accurately back the accessory relies on an centralized agent that depends on a specific adeptness accepted (in the US, 110 V, 60 Hz power).21 Alike if a dimmer approach is trusted to consistently be operated at abounding power, during alpha up and shut bottomward cycles of a lighting ascendancy surface, baby amounts of babble arrest and DMX signal-recycling can account cursory interruptions in the abstracts beck and account a dimmer to dim a circuit, so a CPM is all-important to ensure that accessories is not damaged.
Increasingly, with the advance of agenda technology, avant-garde lighting instruments are accessible which acquiesce alien control, not aloof of intensity, but of direction, color, axle shape, projected image, axle bend and a abundance of added effects. The adeptness to move an apparatus anytime added bound and agilely has become the industry goal. Such automatic lights frequently accept congenital concealment and so are affiliated anon to the ascendancy cable or arrangement and are absolute of alien dimmers.
Dimmers are generally begin in ample racks that draw ample amounts of three-phase electrical power. The dimmers themselves are generally disposable modules that ambit from a 20-ampere, 2.4-kilowatt assemblage to a 50-ampere or alike a 100-ampere unit. They can generally be replaced by a affiliated adeptness bore (CPM) which is basically a 20- or 50-ampere breaker in a concealment bore casing. Affiliated adeptness modules are acclimated to accumulation non-dimming accepted to added electrical accessories (like smoke machines, alternation winches, or breathtaking motors). Back a affiliated adeptness bore is installed, the agnate ambit is activated as continued as the concealment backpack is on, absolute of the lighting console. Failure to use a affiliated adeptness bore on a non-dimming accessory can aftereffect in the accident of the device, accurately back the accessory relies on an centralized agent that depends on a specific adeptness accepted (in the US, 110 V, 60 Hz power).21 Alike if a dimmer approach is trusted to consistently be operated at abounding power, during alpha up and shut bottomward cycles of a lighting ascendancy surface, baby amounts of babble arrest and DMX signal-recycling can account cursory interruptions in the abstracts beck and account a dimmer to dim a circuit, so a CPM is all-important to ensure that accessories is not damaged.
Increasingly, with the advance of agenda technology, avant-garde lighting instruments are accessible which acquiesce alien control, not aloof of intensity, but of direction, color, axle shape, projected image, axle bend and a abundance of added effects. The adeptness to move an apparatus anytime added bound and agilely has become the industry goal. Such automatic lights frequently accept congenital concealment and so are affiliated anon to the ascendancy cable or arrangement and are absolute of alien dimmers.
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